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Ketjen black carbon9/23/2023 reported a high energy ball-milled composite of commercial red P and carbon black (Super P), and this material could deliver a reversible capacity of 1764 mAh g −1 with high initial coulombic efficiency of 87% 14. Introducing carbonaceous components to synthesis composites can effectively overcome these drawbacks. However, the successful applications of red P are hindered by two major bottlenecks: (1) pristine red P has a very low electrical conductivity (~10 −14 S cm −1) (2) the large volume expansion during sodiation/desodiation may cause severe capacity decay 12, 13, 14, 15. Moreover, it has a low operating potential of 0.45 V (vs Na +/Na) and could achieve high energy densities when used in full cells. Red phosphorus (P) is one of the most promising candidates, which could react with Na to form a Na 3P compound, leading to an extremely high theoretical capacity of 2596 mAh g −1 9, 10, 11. As a result, various materials are still being researched as anode materials for SIBs at present. And the graphite materials commercially used as anodes in LIBs could not achieve acceptable performances in SIBs 7, 8. However, since sodium ion (1.02 Å) is 55% larger than lithium ion (0.69 Å), it is more difficult to accommodate sodium ions reversibility in anodes. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as an important alternative choice to LIBs 5, 6. On the other hand, Na resources are more abundant and Na has the similar chemical properties with Li. However, the shortage and uneven distribution of lithium resources may restrict their applications in large scale storage systems. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely applied in portable electronic devices due to their excellent performances 1, 2, 3, 4.
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